Do you remember the old advertisement from the 80’s, of...

Do you remember the old advertisement from the 80’s, of Smokey Bear who insisted that only YOU could prevent forest fires? Maybe there was more to this than just the obvious. I mean definitely, make sure you put out your fires when camping, and don’t throw a lit cigarette around dry grass, but what if instead of forest fires, Smokey mentioned global warming, mass extinction, or war and poverty? Can you imagine that maybe that could be an accurate statement? Obviously one person isn’t capable of changing these things on such a grand scale, but if YOU actually said humans, then we have the statement â€Å"Only humans can prevent their own destruction† and suddenly there are a deluge of questions and ideas that might make you think about how you,†¦show more content†¦Only the Strongest†¦ Early humans wandered the earth looking for food and shelter. They discovered that fire kept them warm and improved the taste and preservation of food. Once they could acquire food and preserve it, they were inspired to find ways to acquire more and more food, and soon needed a way of recording how much they had to trade with other gatherers and so they invented writing. More than just physical changes, mental adaption was crucial to human advancements. As the centuries passed, mental ability and capacity became more apparent. Reflecting to Darwin’s theory of survival, human history is filled with war and strategy. Strong men led strong armies, strong races destroyed weak races, and mental development exploded. Powerful leaders challenged weaker populations and claimed their land and possessions, enslaved their people. Consequently, human development diverged from physical strength and hardiness, and focused on mental improvements. With more power and vast kingdoms, the population began to grow as cities and universities formed. Intelligence became a key to more power, and those who understood had the most to gain. Invention and creation led to ease of life and people began to live more independently. In North America as people moved west and created their own lives, these creative ideas allowed for families to thrive, and in modern society humans rely less and lessShow MoreRelatedThe Origin of Species1246 Words   |  5 Pagesthat could potentially debase society’s understanding of what was fact was published and it summarized a theory that humans have slowly evolved from a primitive form, commonly called the Theory of Evolution.(Kennedy Pg.572) The book titled On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life was written by an English naturalist and geologist, Charles Darwin, and it overcame the scientific rejection that earlier similar theories hadRead MoreOn the Origin of Species1846 Words   |  8 PagesIn his On the Origin of Species, written in 1859, Charles Darwin clearly explained the gradual progression towa rd the speciation of organisms with his five main principles: variation, inheritance, competition, selection, and propagation. 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Many ideas and hypotheses have been presented, but only two stand today: that birds are descendents of ancient thecodont stem reptiles, and that birds are the direct descendents of a group of dinosaurs known as the coelurosaurs. Both hypotheses pose many interesting and insightful ideas based on information obtained from the fossil record. There is not enoughRead MoreThe Origin of Language in Human Evolution Essay1209 Words   |  5 Pagesenvironment and identified vocal apparatus humans have necessary for spoken language (Fitch Reby, 2001). However, there is no direct evidence and if one wants to study the origins of language must draw from other types of evidence such as fossil records or archaeological studies. This essay will outline the main theories and explain the origin of language giving supporting studies from various methodologies such as anthropology. 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She has toiled for months, even years to make this happen, often in some cramped space hidden away in the bowels of someone else’s building. Dig a little deeper, and you begin to learn more about how the company started and what made its creator so passionate – passionate enough to do theRead MoreThe Origin of The Species by Charles Darwin Essay994 Words   |  4 PagesWallace: Wallace also came up with the idea of natural selection and when Darwin found out, he was more motivated to publish his own works about it so Wallace wouldn’t get credit. Without Wallace, Darwin never would have pushed himself to publish Origin of Species. Works Cited AboutDarwin.com - Evolution before Darwin. (n.d.). AboutDarwin.com - Evolution before Darwin. Retrieved April 13, 2014, from http://www.aboutdarwin.com/literature/Pre_Dar.html Darwins Theory. (n.d.). DarwinsRead More Charles Darwins On the Origin of Species Essay2162 Words   |  9 Pages Charles Darwin in his book, On the Origin of Species, presents us with a theory of natural selection. This theory is his attempt at an explanation on how the world and its species came to be the way that we know them now. Darwin writes on how through a process of millions of years, through the effects of man and the effects of nature, species have had an ongoing trial and error experiment. It is through these trials that the natural world has developed beneficial anomalies that at times seem too

Hope And Help Charitable Trust Education Essay Free Essays

string(93) " our aged people and childs to settle down in new environment after migration to this state\." My squad members and I prepared a undertaking to organize a charitable administration known as Hope and aid charitable trust. It is an administration being run to assist and favor the aged people, new migrator to happen occupations, cut down communicating barriers between the communities by learning them communicating accomplishments. I have a complete squad full of accomplishments that can execute their different responsibilities to run the administration swimmingly. We will write a custom essay sample on Hope And Help Charitable Trust Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now My squad used assorted techniques such as SWOT analysis, BCG matrix, fish bone analysis, Giant chart etc. I used my experience and accomplishments to finish my undertaking and even I used my accomplishments to assist my squad members whenever required at assorted stairss to finish the undertakings. I helped in raising some financess besides for my squad, assorted other beginnings were used to raise financess to run into our disbursals. Some of the services were rendered free of cost that is voluntarily by our squad members. Time agenda was managed in conformity with in convenience of all of our squad members and clients. Assorted groups were formed to give best services. A through research was done on how to run the complete undertaking. Assorted other groups and administrations were contacted and consulted to run our trust swimmingly. The jobs we faced were studied and discussed with in our squad and if required with other expertness besides for acquiring good consequences. I personally helped with my suggestions to my squad members to work out the jobs on my experiences I had in past such as raising of financess, organizing transit, and I took myself inaugural to happen solution when of all time my squad was stuck on any issues. I used my past experience in making the decisions excessively. Introduction I would wish to present that I have been assigned group figure 3. My group includes 5 members including me. We all divided our undertaking into little parts of responsibilities to do it easy and convenient. My group members are Kulwindr kaur, Hardeep kaur, Jaskarn Singh, and Harpinder Singh. I worked on issues related to different civilizations of communities. I have experience of different civilizations of different provinces as I have lived in assorted parts of my state. I am cognizant of the behavior of different people, their imposts, some of their wonts, their beliefs, festivals etc. My experience helped my squad member ‘s batch to finish this survey. Purpose of survey The applied direction is to research our accomplishments and use them in pull offing a undertaking or undertaking assigned to us. I have decided to organize and pull off an administration that will assist assorted community people. The undertaking is approximately, how to run a societal and welfare administration known as HOPE AND CHARITABLE TRUST. It ‘s chief aim is to assist the society seniors and new immigrant reachings. The survey was completed to organize a charitable administration. The chief aims of administration are to favor the aged people, assist new migrator to happen occupations, cut down communicating barriers between the communities. We are a complete squad of 5 members including me with their different responsibilities to run the administration swimmingly. We used assorted techniques such as SWOT analysis, BCG matrix, fish bone analysis, Giant chart, college tutorial notes and our experiences etc to finish this survey. I suggested my squad to organize the fund from assorted beginnings to run into our disbursals. Some of the services were rendered free of cost, voluntarily by our squad members. Time agenda was managed in conformity with in convenience of all of our squad members and clients. Assorted groups were formed to give best services. A through research was done on how to run the complete undertaking. Assorted other groups and administrations were contacted and consulted to run our trust swimmingly. The jobs we faced while finishing this undertaking were studied and discussed with in our squad and if required with other expertness besides for acquiring good consequences. I expressed my positions on my experience to happen better solutions. I experienced that communicating is greatest barrier that should be sorted out with in different communities and civilizations of different people. It is about to do their life easy by learning them the needed degree of English. Making them cognizant about how to pass on with other community people. Some cognition of their vicinity, local country cognition so that they can travel about and run into their basic demands such as library, infirmary, coach Michigans, Parkss nearest shopping country etc. To transport on these activities my group of experts was assigned assorted responsibilities to execute to make our end. We divided our responsibilities in little parts such as from roll uping informations, reaching the people, garnering information about what will be their basic demands, pull offing the clip, discoursing between all of my squad members about the jobs, seeking suggestions on assorted subjects and so making to decisions etc. Every squad member ‘s sentiment was considered and listened exhaustively and so compared with other sentiments to make effectual decisions. Family members of the aged people and childs were contacted to derive their consent and guarantee them that privateness will be maintained if required. I suggested to ask for assorted other trusts to take part so the societal work for world can be carried easy and every one in society can profit organize it. Hardeep and I approached local newspapers and requested to publicize the events we are transporting. Even other authorities and economical bureaus were requested to supply some support to transport on our administration activities and fund were raised signifier other beginnings. We besides raised financess from assorted shows and stables at our community topographic points and shopping composites. We worked as squad and tried to assist each other in finishing their activities they were assigned. Main organic structure Pull offing the undertaking I suggested organizing a societal administration that can assist our aged people and childs to settle down in new environment after migration to this state. You read "Hope And Help Charitable Trust Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Every one was happy and considered earnestly my suggestion and eventually decided that we will work on this rubric. We organised ourselves as group figure 3 consisting of five members in our group as follow: – Narinder Kaur, Kulwinder Kaur, Hardeep Kaur, Jaskanwar Singh, Harpinder Singh The job designation with principle was scheduled by Kulwinder kaur. Harpinder Singh was scheduled to organize undertaking program included range, resources and job work outing theoretical account to be used. Jaskanwar Singh was scheduled to research methods and Hardeep Kaur and my ego ( Narinder Kaur ) did treat the jobs of civilization, financess and transit. I put my ego in front of all doing my squad members aware of my expertness and accomplishments that I have gained in yesteryear in my place state while populating at different topographic points within different civilizations of society. After we completed the initial procedure of make up one’s minding the administration name and the squad members who are traveling to work in it with their responsibilities and duties, we decided to discusses on subject about the jobs we are traveling to confront, findings, decisions, recommendations. We had unfastened treatment on every subject and reviewed the constructs if the alterati ons were required. Then my squad drafted the study for concluding unfastened treatment to jointly corroborate the subjects and doing of assignment. Own Role as mentioned above I had really effectual function in this assignment from garnering the information about different societies populating in the country and about their civilization up to pull offing the financess and transit. My good cognition around the country helped my squad a batch in garnering the natural information about people wonts, attitude, their demands like linguistic communication barriers etc. this saved batch of clip. Our squad worked in a group in our formed trust: Hope and Help charitable trust. It is at Papatoe-toe ( south Auckland ) . I am working on civilization. I went to other trust supplying same installations in Papatoe-toe ; to see how I can preform and derive experience. I met their different sort of people coming from assorted parts of India. I took permission from the director. He introduced me to assorted people while the java nine was traveling. Another clip when I went there the English category was traveling people were larning basic of communicating and reading etc. Their I came to cognize that people differ with each other in assorted facets like nutrient, civilization, acclivity, linguistic communication etc. the biggest difference I noticed was the difference between eastern and western civilization that is the difference between Indian civilization and New Zealand civilization, that usually immigrant people face. Hardeep Kaur and I decided to work on the same subject of cultu ral difference in our Hope and aid Charitable trust. We decided to do people cognizant of the cultural difference and learn them about new civilization. We decided to do them aware of how to accommodate the new civilization. After finishing our undertaking based on our experience we came to cognize that aged people need more consciousness on cultural and cultural activities of New Zealand. They suffer from linguistic communication barriers and they truly needed aid. Team function A ; Team member effects My group figure 3 consisting of 5 members named Narinder, Kulwinder, Hardeep, Jaskanwar, Harpinder had their single functions to finish this assignment. The job designation with principle was scheduled to Kulwinder. Harpinder was scheduled undertaking program including range, resources and job work outing theoretical accounts to be used. Jaskarn was scheduled research methods and procedure. The information aggregation and issues related to civilization was assigned to me ( Narinder ) . The remainder of portion 1 and portion 2 was completed with Co-operation of all the members of the group. Regular meeting was held to happen effectual solutions. Part 1 25 August we did foremost run intoing about grind analysis and elephantine charts after finish the category. 6 September our full group member down their assignment portion, which we have divided our group member that determination, we did at Hardeep kaur house and we did assignment portion 1 Part 2 11 October we once more met at kulvinder kaur house to make place the job and we did speak about our charity which job we faced. 18 October we discussed BCG matrix at my place. 20 October we had a meeting at our college and discussed the KPI ( cardinal public presentation index ) . My other squad members organised to roll up informations about the people who need these services. Working kids of senior people were managed to understand that their parents experience place sick or they need to larn BASIC of the new civilization, country and society. While they are at work their parents need attending. They were made aware of how their parents will profit from the administration. The seniors were taught with slow and steady mode so that they can larn merely what is required. Different cultural people were invited at assorted events so that they can portion their positions and larn new thing that is most effectual in larning technique. Some nutrient stables were set up at assorted events so that they could larn about assorted nutrients of other civilizations. The aged people were made aware of that it is their demand to acquire some basic cognition about the country they live in and the civilization around their countries so that they can acquire easy adjusted with in new civilization. We got some transcribers who can voluntaries come and assist in doing it easier to cut down the communicating barriers. We used assorted schemes to transport on our occupations such as educate them and do them aware about the Hope and charitable trust. Teaching them English, approximately numeracy, currency, banking and how to pass on. Organise assorted workshops where they can sit and chew the fat with immature coevals. Supply them driving lessons local Aress. Making them cognizant how to cover with assorted authorities bureaus We tried to derive maximal support from household members of the aged people and childs. We invited assorted other trusts to take part so the societal work for world can be carried easy and every one in society can profit organize it. Assorted local newspapers were requested to publicize the events we are transporting. Even authorities was requested to supply some support to transport on our administration activities and fund were raised signifier other beginnings. Were worked as squad and tried to assist each other in finishing their activities they were assigned. Apart my specific function I helped in assorted activities such as in over sing the purpose of our administration and assisting Kulwinder in making so. Deciding the job, which we used to discourse every twenty-four hours in our meetings, supplying my positions to happen best solution. I managed clip agenda. I looked into the transit of aged people and to supply them cognition of local transit, timings of coachs and trains. I managed to organize their pick-ups from their place and drop them back. I tried to pull off some of my voluntary friends who had autos or new waves and can assist my administration. They used to supply free transit to our clients. Identified jobs While transporting on our responsibilities we faced jobs such as clip direction, financess, aggregation of informations about the people who need these services. The difference in civilization was a large barrier to finish this undertaking as assorted immigrants specially aged people lack English. Communication barriers between assorted cultural groups made the occupation spot hard. Different spiritual beliefs, different nutrient gustatory sensation etc are besides assorted factors that made it more competitory. Lack of engagement by people besides made it seize with teeth difficult to transport on our activities. Time was greatest factor set uping my squad as we all had short clip to finish this assignment. Procedure of solutions Our expert squad members managed solution to assorted jobs. Some of illustrations are such as the intent of our administration was managed by all of our squad members. Group member scheduled the construction of our administration. We all communicated in honest and unfastened manner so that the needed consequence could be achieved. I encouraged my squad members on their treatment and positions they provided. This practise helped in supervising each other activities and supplying suggestions and edifice trust on each other. My squad how so of all time managed to finish this in scheduled clip frame but still in future I would state that we have to be organised specifically with our clip for better consequences. My squad member ‘s determinations that I agreed to I supported my consent to assorted determinations of my squad members about our clear motivation, single functions, unfastened treatments, adhering and showing corporate ides to happen better solution, repute of constitution, clip agenda, communicating with each of our squad members, back uping them. I agreed on utilizing the experiences and accomplishments of each other. We all agreed to follow some of the schemes while completing the assignment. My squad at some phases used following Schemes such as Swot Analysis and BCG matrix technique scheme was organised and studied and implemented by all of our squad members. The job resolution was discussed and solution found by all of us in our squad, five measure job resolution and squad the proper clip was rostered implemented the purpose of trust so that everyone can come to take and give his or her lessons. We organised assorted stables and events at assorted maps, shopping Centres to raise financess to transport on our administration activities and to supply assorted installations to people. We used to hold a brief meeting within all of our squad members to run our twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activities and to make certain determination. Recommendation My couples and I worked otherwise to do the plan easier for aged people. We discussed on how to do them larn and understand the new cultural difference. I practically tried to set up meeting with other aged peoples of different civilization. The get together were arranged such as little map or sitting together and chat and a cup of java or tea with some bites. I personally recommended the practical instruction that is blending of two or four people, sitting together and with aid of translator discoursing on nutrient, civilization, country cognition etc. It is the most of import portion of the assignment that helps in future. This recommendations can be used in farther activates if required by groups. As I have mentioned above about the clip direction, we had to finish this in really short clip span. This put batch of force per unit area on all of squad members. The force per unit area of clip frame being non plenty to team resulted in confrontation at some phases. Though they were resolved ASAP. But still it matters if there is adequate clip and the program is organised harmonizing to that. This undertaking being practical I would state that my squad needed more clip as we had to travel out in local Aress to roll up the information ‘s and so transport group treatment on that collected information to make to certain nonsubjective. In future assignment I would instead prefer to be really organized and utilize some other techniques to work out the jobs. I would urge to do anterior assignment on phone with household members of the aged people alternatively of strike harding door to door, the one our squad did this clip. This consequence in salvaging more clip by repairing anterior assignments. While doing assignment we can take their consent besides for engagement of their aged parents. Which in this assignment had to make after reaching the aged and destitute people. Restrictions We had to travel in front with in assorted regulations and ordinances from authorities. Authenticity of trust was to be created in heads and Black Marias of people. Limited beginnings of financess. Cultural spread and different behaviors of cultural groups are certain restrictions. I would state we would hold squad of atleast 10 members that will split our work and salvage clip because this we had to be multitask being less in figure. I would propose traveling and go toing a short workshop with any other similar administration to increase our ability to execute. As we had many restrictions during this undertaking such as clip, adult male power, information, and computing machine installations. Decisions The trust we formed seems to be good to all of new immigrants particularly the aged who have nowhere to travel and pass the clip. We tried to make involvement among them and their households to diminish the barrier of communicating, solitariness, understanding of new civilization, country cognition and BASIC of about how to confront the jobs while they are new in the state. This is concluded that we learn esteeming each other feelings, sharing life experiences. I learnt how to be organised with my squad. I learned assorted agreements for fund elevation. This should be done before the start of undertaking to run into the disbursals. How to cite Hope And Help Charitable Trust Education Essay, Essay examples

The Success of the Business Entities in Ireland Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Investigation of Criteria that affects day to day Management of Business in Ireland. Answer: Introduction Ireland has today become a destination for many multinational companies that are engaging in different activities in the production and manufacturing sectors. Ireland has become a business attraction country because of the positive approach of its successive government to the promotion of inward investment and its membership to the European Union as well as the favorable tax rate and the highly skilled and flexible labor pool[1]. Ireland has been recognized as a stable parliamentary democracy that has a written constitution headed by the president. The state is operating under the Euro currency that has marked it the best investment destination for many multinational companies. Its economic growth has also been on the rise prompting many businesses to record success in the well-run financial system that has been consecutively among the highest of countries in the organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD). This paper is aiming at investigating the criteria affecting the daily business operations in Ireland by considering various elements in the organization development and employment sectors. Industry guidelines and recommendation practices The Ireland market has been known for their business operation that is characterized by honesty, fairness, and integrity. To maintain the high reputation, the employees conduct their activities and personal processes in a manner that severely affect the states business status. It has been a standard exercise for the employees coming up with their formal codes of business to regulate the manner in which the employees appreciate and resolve ethical and legal issues encountered during their duties. Ireland has its codes that set the general principles and standards governing the professional activities and in the management of the employees both permanent and contract. In the contexts of in-house staff, companies usually conduct their operations from within and never depend on the environment. In contract staffing, employees works for their employees under a contract and for specific tasks within agreed rates[2]. One benefit for in-house staffing is that it is cost saving regarding the training of the employees as there will be no costs for recruiting more workers but training the existing employees. However, it is disadvantageous as it interrupts the employees as the training may be interfered with when the employee is called for an emergency attendee in the firm and may never attend the entire sessions of training. Contract staffing is beneficial because the employee stands to get a permanent employment if they are found to be impressive in their performance. Also, the company can benefit from getting new ideas as these employees work on different projects simultaneously and can use knowledge from one project to perfect another. But, there is also the limitation side of the staffing. The employer knows the contract employee is worming for a limited time and as such, might not invite them into the inner circles of the office and share valuable information with him. Also, contract staffing is disadvantageous because the employee will not be added any extra pay. The common benefits will also not be available for employees working under contracts[3]. Investors are always in need of protection for different elements that threaten their finances. As such, they seek membership in regulatory agencies and trade unions to advocate for them. Employees benefit from the groups of the regulatory bodies because these agents advocate for the increase in wage for the employees. For the companies, the group helps in regulating the market by counterbalancing the monopoly power. To the disadvantage, if the becomes more competitive, the high wages might lead to unemployment. Companies are also risking the loss of productivity whenever the unions are on strike, or they work unproductively. Staff recruitment In the process of seeking to get the best out of employees, the business people and investors in Ireland consider making sure they recruit the best potential candidates to get the greatest contributions. The companies and multinational corporations in Ireland have adopted unstructured approaches in the recruitment. From the records, it has been the approach used in the recruitment and selection processes for most of the successful global businesses. The process has been attributed to various success factors that has lead to the improvement of business performance levels and also in the production and manufacturing sectors as companies have proved to have the best employees in these areas[4]. The key the investors employ in the process is the definition of the overall policy that will set parameters for how to manage the important section. The systems facilitate internal and external communication of the commitments in the area and also make sure fairness and transparency are applied. On receiving many applications for the advertised position, there is an interview for fewer people that take longer where the applications are screened to get the best-suited candidates. The process may decide to use behavioral interviewing to be able to screen and filter the employees to remain with the best. The application forms will then be released with the shortlisted candidates after the filtration for the more comprehensive selection process. The process has been the best for the investors in Ireland because they always get the best desirable number of candidates for their positions. The unstructured approach allows the businesses to get candidates from various reputable institutions and also candidates with `different skills and experiences. The process gives the businesses the chance to get candidates who will be committed and dedicated to their duties in the firms and will be highly productive and more reliable[5]. Staff training process After a successful recruitment and selection process, the candidates are taken through training and induction. Induction is the process of receiving and welcoming employees on their first time of joining the business and giving them the necessary information needed for a start. Introduction aims at smoothing the early stages of the employees when they feel strange, and everything is new and to be able to establish an attitude to the firm to the employee's mind to make them want to stay longer. The induction process gives the employees brief description of the company and the underlying conditions of their employment. Usually, an employee handbook can be provided to serving the purpose although face-to-face induction is necessary[6]. After the installation, employees are taken to their place of work and introduced to their managers or team leaders for the departmental selection program. The process can include operating using a checklist of the training and other information that migh t boost their first month in their roles. However, the training should not stop at the induction but should be a regular process[7]. All the employees in the company should be receiving appropriate on and off training regularly to be able to balance desires of the business and the individuals. The local firms and the multinational companies in Ireland have been appreciative of the training and induction processes, and they know the benefits associated with the process. As such, they are usually strategic in the process to ensure the new employees are given the best reception and the best image of the firm to allow them to work with a desirable vision. Staff evaluation The monitoring of the employee performance is usually a recurring process, but the new hires are taken through various assessment procedures. There is an end of the day or week assessment where there is a quick chat with the representative on the parts that becomes challenging to be sure that all the setting is well. There can also be an evaluation at the end of the month where there is a more detailed chat. It is where the performance of the employee is reviewed in detail, and the positive reviews noted. The employee should as well be notified on the there are identified passive views, and they are offered coaching and support after which frequent follow-ups are made. It is critical to determine the problems and address them earlier before the probation period of the employee expires[8]. After the end of the probation, there should be another evaluation that will determine if the employee will be confirmed fit for the position. This will be after all the problems have been addressed and the point should be the first appraisal point of the employee for the identified strengths and future goals. The pay of the employee might be revised at upwards if the contract mentioned any such commitments. Through the review of the early performance of the employee in a staged fashion, one will be sure to deliver the expected results in a more appropriate manner, but also show them that they are exciting parties in the firm and that they can grow and develop while in the employment. The evaluation process can be a chance to know the effectiveness of the recruitment process[9]. Conclusion The paper has highlighted on some of the processes and activities that define the success of the business entities in Ireland. Ireland has become a business attraction country because of the positive approach of its successive government to the promotion of inward investment and its membership to the European Union as well as the favorable tax rate and the highly skilled and flexible labor pool. It has been a standard exercise for the employees coming up with their formal codes of business to regulate the manner in which the employees appreciate and resolve ethical and legal issues encountered during their duties. Ireland has its codes that set the general principles and standards governing the professional activities and in the management of the employees both permanent and contract. The process of recruitment of the employees, through to their selection and evaluation has as well been discussed in the paper. It is evident how the businesses record success in their operations as the y employ the best practices in their organizational development efforts. It is as well clear that through the review of the early performance of the employee in a staged fashion, one will be sure to deliver the expected results in a more appropriate manner, but also show them that they are exciting parties in the firm. They can grow and develop while in the employment. The evaluation process can be a chance to know the effectiveness of the recruitment process. Bibliography Aswathappa, K., and Sadhna Dash. 2008. International human resource management: text and cases. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Barrett, Rowena, and Susan Mayson. 2008. International handbook of entrepreneurship and HRM. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=338798. Curristine, Teresa. 2008. Ireland: towards an integrated public service. Paris: OECD. https://site.ebrary.com/id/10245545 Dale, Margaret. 2003. A manager's guide to recruitment selection. London: Kogan Page. Elearn Limited (Great Britain). 2009. Recruitment and selection. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Pergamon. Paauwe, J., David Guest, and Patrick M. Wright. 2013. HRM and performance: achievements and challenges. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley. Price, Alan. 2011. Human resource management. Andover: Cengage Learning EMEA. Sims, Ronald R. 2007. Human resource management: contemporary issues, challenges and opportunities. Greenwich, Conn: Information Age Publ. Sharma, S. K. 2009. Handbook of HRM practices: management policies and practices. New Delhi [India]: Global India Publication Pvt Ltd. [Teresa. Curristine, 2008. Ireland: towards an integrated public service. Paris: OECD. https://site.ebrary.com/id/10245545. Elearn Limited (Great Britain). 2009. Recruitment and selection. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Pergamon. Margaret Dale,. 2003. A manager's guide to recruitment selection. London: Kogan Page. Rowena Barrett, , and Mayson Susan. 2008. International handbook of entrepreneurship and HRM. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=338798. J aauwe,., Guest David, and Wright Patrick M.. 2013. HRM and performance: achievements and challenges. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley. Alan Price, 2011. Human resource management. Andover: Cengage Learning EMEA. Ronald Sims. 2007. Human resource management: contemporary issues, challenges and opportunities. Greenwich, Conn: Information Age Publ. K Sharma, S.. 2009. Handbook of HRM practices: management policies and practices. New Delhi [India]: Global India Publication Pvt Ltd. K Aswathappa, and Dash Sadhna. 2008. International human resource management: text and cases. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill

The Beginning Of The Vietnam War Essay Example For Students

The Beginning Of The Vietnam War Essay IntroductionThankyou for deciding to continue to read. Here I am not trying to be a complete guide to theVietnam War, but what I think about this hugely misunderstood war. If you want to know about theVietnam war, I highly recomment the book Nam, The Vietnam Experience 1965-75Its an excellentresource, and after a ling time I am still reading it myself, learning new things and understanding more. How it StartedA lot is misunderstood by many people about the Vietnam War. There are a lot of politocs behindthe war, but on the military side, the following is quite an accurate account of the immediate effectswhich started the war. It started on the 8 August 1965 when American Troops stormed ashore at Da Nang, South ofVietnam, ready to fight the bloodiest war known to man. of Vietnam, ready to fight the bloodiest warknown to man. The reason was simple: there was a communist threat and their job was toresist it. We will write a custom essay on The Beginning Of The Vietnam War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In 1960, President John F Kennedy saw that South East Asia was under imminent threat, so decidedto increase aid to South Vietnam. This was received by Lyndon Johnson in November 1963. Hedeclared that he would not let Vietnam fall the same way as China. The above lead to more corruption, instead of military success; so consequently the US becamemore and moe involved in politics in the South. In January 1964, plans were drawn up for operationsagainst North Vietnam. These included sabotage and spying for the North, and bombing raids andNaval attacks for North Vietnams coast. There were attacks on US Naval vessels by the North Vietnamese (NV). Torpedoes were launchedbut missed, and no American casualties were suffered. After this, Johnson decided to act. He sentout vessels. As the two destroyers approached the coast, a terrible storm broke out: They wereconvinced that and attack was imminent. Crusaders flew over from. They could see the vesselszig-zagging about: They were under attack. Sonars detected 22 incoming torpedoa and they air craftpilots claimed to have hit three enemy craft. As soon as these reports got to Johnson, he ordered airstrikes against coastal targets in the North, and appeared in television commercials announcing hispositive reply. First BloodAfter that, it was all quiet fr the soldiers at Da Nang. They would go out all day, getting hot, sweatyand bored. Every now and then a monkey would set off the alarms, but no real action washappening, it was very frustrating. For a full five months after they had swept the beach, nothing hadstill happened, until now About about 0130 hours (1:30am), a Marine sentry a strange noise outside camp. He threw anillumation grenade into the direction of the sound, and as it exploded so did half the airbase. Afurious VC (Viet Cong) mortar barrage swept accross the field. A team of VC sappers chargedthrough a hole theyd clipped in the fence and lobbed in explosions on the parked aircraft. As quicklythey had come, they had gone The damaged caused was not too extensive, and one American was killed. This hardened theMarines, so they decided to kill them, before they kill us. They did not have to wait long, as in Julythere was a build up of VC near the Marines. There was another VC build up about 60 miles awayat Chu Lai. The Marines went there. On the the 15th August, a VC desertor (who turned up out ofthe blue) revealed that the 1st Viet Cong Regiment (a force of about 1500 men) had set up base only12 miles from the Marines base at Da Nang. Up until now the Marines had not fully used the powerof their weapons, so they took up the offer immediately. .u1259be2aad4d70461c038b4274dc189b , .u1259be2aad4d70461c038b4274dc189b .postImageUrl , .u1259be2aad4d70461c038b4274dc189b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1259be2aad4d70461c038b4274dc189b , .u1259be2aad4d70461c038b4274dc189b:hover , .u1259be2aad4d70461c038b4274dc189b:visited , .u1259be2aad4d70461c038b4274dc189b:active { border:0!important; } .u1259be2aad4d70461c038b4274dc189b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1259be2aad4d70461c038b4274dc189b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1259be2aad4d70461c038b4274dc189b:active , .u1259be2aad4d70461c038b4274dc189b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1259be2aad4d70461c038b4274dc189b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1259be2aad4d70461c038b4274dc189b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1259be2aad4d70461c038b4274dc189b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1259be2aad4d70461c038b4274dc189b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1259be2aad4d70461c038b4274dc189b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1259be2aad4d70461c038b4274dc189b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1259be2aad4d70461c038b4274dc189b .u1259be2aad4d70461c038b4274dc189b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1259be2aad4d70461c038b4274dc189b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Perseverance in Mother to Son and The Negro Speaks of Rivers by Langston Hughes EssayA Marine batallion was organised to be highly self sufficient it could move at high speed and couldhave close air support withing minuetes if they ran into anything big. Their air support would be anHH-34 helicopter, loaded with heavy artillary. This was how the marines decided to take the VC onthe Van Tuong peninsula. For the operation to succeed, they had to move fast. Staff officers assembled and the Plan of Action(POA) was drawn up: The Marines were to surround the enemy before they could make a getaway. So they decidedto launch the attack from three separare directions. One Marine company would move overland and dig in along side of the Tra Bong river to block any VC attempts to break out north,while a whole batallion of men would be put ashore on the southern side of the peninsula at AnCuong. The final part would be lifted in helicopeter. With their backs to the sea, the VC wouldbe trapped. Operation Starlite was set to go ahead on 18th August. A Wall Of FireWith the plan ready, they set out as planned. The giant 40 tonne vehicle clawed their way up the AnCuong beach. The Marines poured out their transport towards the huts of the nearby hamlet. Suddenly, the Marines up front walked into a wall of Viet Cong machine gun shooting and mortarsheels exploding fire. The War Had Begun.

Definition Examples of Collage Essays

Definition Examples of Collage Essays In composition studies, a collage is a  discontinuous essay form made up of discrete bits of discourse- description, dialogue, narrative, explanation, and the like.   A collage essay (also known as a patchwork essay, a discontinuous essay, and segmented writing) generally forgoes conventional transitions, leaving it up to the reader to locate or impose connections between the fragmented observations. In his book Reality Hunger (2010), David Shields defines collage as the art of reassembling fragments of preexisting images in such a way as to form a new image. Collage, he notes, was the most important innovation in the art of the twentieth century. To use  collage as a writer, says Shara McCallum, is to map onto your essay . . . the semblance of continuities and discontinuities associated with the art form (in Now Write! ed. by  Sherry Ellis). Examples of Collage Essays Lying Awake by Charles DickensA Now: Descriptive of a Hot Day by Leigh HuntSuite Amà ©ricaine by H.L. Mencken Examples and Observations What Is a Collage?Collage is a term derived from art and refers to a picture made up of pieces of found objects: scraps of newspaper, bits of old cane backing, a gum wrapper, lengths of string, tin cans. A collage can be made entirely of found objects, or it can be a combination of the objects and the artistss own drawing. [Writers] perform a similar act. But instead of gathering scraps of newspaper and string, they arrange scattered pieces of language: clichà ©s, phrases they have heard, or quotations.(David Bergman and Daniel Mark Epstein, The Heath Guide to Literature. D.C. Heath, 1984)The Collage in ProseMany feature stories in daily and especially Sunday newspapers drift into the collage form- or example, a neighborhood in Brooklyn written up in a series of bits that present rather than explain: portraits of people and of terrain, street corner scenes, mini-narratives, dialogues, and reminiscent monologues. . . .You might make a collage essay on the causes of the French Revolut ion that consists entirely of stories, portraits, and scenes. You would have to choose and arrange your fragments in such a way that they tell why the French Revolution happened as it did. Or you might have one that consists entirely of dialogues: between nobles, peasants, middle-class city dwellers, and thinkers of the period; between people who came before and those who came afterwards. Of course you may have to revise and polish some of these fragments to make them as good as possible- perhaps even write some more bits to give at least a minimal coherence.(Peter Elbow, Writing With Power: Techniques for Mastering the Writing Process, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 1998) Collage: E.B. Whites Essay Hot WeatherMorning is so closely associated with brisk affairs, music with evening and days end, that when I hear a three-year-old dance tune crooned upon the early air while shadows still point west and the day is erect in the saddle, I feel faintly decadent, at loose ends, as though I were in the South Seas- a beachcomber waiting for a piece of fruit to fall, or for a brown girl to appear naked from a pool.* * *Asterisks? So soon?* * *It is a hot-weather sign, the asterisk. The cicada of the typewriter, telling the long steaming noons. Don Marquis was one of the great exponents of the asterisk. The heavy pauses between his paragraphs, could they find a translator, would make a book for the ages.* * *Don knew how lonely everybody is. Always the struggle of the human soul is to break through the barriers of silence and distance into companionship. Friendship, lust, love, art, religionwe rush into them pleading, fighting, clamoring for the touch of spirit la id against our spirit. Why else would you be reading this fragmentary page- you with the book in your lap? Youre not out to learn anything, certainly. You just want the healing action of some chance corroboration, the soporific of spirit laid against spirit. Even if you had read only to crab about everything I say, your letter of complaint is a dead give-away: you are unutterably lonely or you wouldnt have taken the trouble to write it. . . .(E.B. White, Hot Weather. One Mans Meat. Harper Row, 1944) Collage in Joan Didions Essay Slouching Towards BethlehemAt three-thirty that afternoon Max, Tom, and Sharon placed tabs under their tongues and sat down together in the living room to wait for the flash. Barbara stayed in the bedroom, smoking hash. During the next four hours a window banged once in Barbaras room and about five-thirty some children had a fight on the street. A curtain billowed in the afternoon wind. A cat scratched a beagle in Sharons lap. Except for the sitar music on the stereo there was no other sound or movement until seven-thirty, when Max said, Wow.(Joan Didion, Slouching Towards Bethlehem. Slouching Towards Bethlehem. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1968)Discontinuous or Paratactic Essays[T]he serial arrangement of pieces in a discontinuous essay results in a composition the whole of which can only be taken in gradually and therefore can only be held entirely in mind by a special act of will. Indeed, the fragmented mode of presentation tacitly invites one to consid er each segment in and of itself, in relation to every other segment and in relation to the entire set of pieces, resulting in a complex network of understandings gradually arrived at rather than a whole work immediately perceived. . . .Discontinuous- it works so well to denote the visible and substantive breaks in a segmented piece that it seems to be the most accurate descriptive term. But it might have negative connotations- like many words beginning with disso Ive been pondering a more neutral term, such as paratactic, from the Greek parataxis, which refers to the placement of clauses or phrases side by side without any type of conjunction. . . . Though its hardly so chic and culturally relevant a term as collage, parataxis is certainly more akin to what happens in essays such as [George] Orwells Marrakech, [E.B.] Whites Spring, [Annie] Dillards Living Like Weasels, and [Joyce Carol] Oatess My Father, My Fiction, all of which contain discrete sentences, paragraphs, or longer uni ts of discourse placed side by side without any connective or transitional material between them.(Carl H. Klaus, The Made-Up Self: Impersonation in the Personal Essay. Univ. of Iowa Press, 2010) Winston Weathers on Collage Methods of ComposingIn extreme form, collage/montage can mean something as radical as William Burroughss famous cut-up method, whereby texts written in traditional grammar are arbitrarily cut up, horizontally and vertically, and converted into near-unintelligible scraps of text. The scraps are then shuffled (or folded in) and joined randomly. . . .Less radical, and more usable, are methods of collage that use larger and more intelligible units of composition, each unit- like the crot- communicative within itself simply being joined in the collage to other communication units, perhaps from different time periods, perhaps dealing with different subject matter, perhaps even containing different sentence/dictional style, texture, tone. Collage at its best actually countermands much of the discontinuity and fragmentation of the alternate style by revealing, by the time a composition ends, a synthesis and wholeness that might not have been suspected at any stati on along the way.(Winston Weathers, Grammars of Style: New Options in Composition, 1976. Rpt. in Style in Rhetoric and Composition: A Critical Sourcebook, ed. by Paul Butler. Bedford/St. Martins, 2010) David Shields on Collage314Collage is a demonstration of the many becoming the one, with the one never fully resolved because of the many that continue to impinge upon it. . . .328Im not interested in collage as the refuge of the compositionally disabled. Im interested in collage as (to be honest) an evolution beyond narrative. . . .330Everything I write, I believe instinctively, is to some extent collage. Meaning, ultimately, is a matter of adjacent data. . . .339Collage is pieces of other things. Their edges dont meet. . . .349The very nature of collage demands fragmented materials, or at least materials yanked out of context. Collage is, in a way, only an accentuated act of editing: picking through options and presenting a new arrangement . . .. The act of editing may be the key postmodern artistic instrument. . . .354In collage, writing is stripped of the pretense of originality and appears as a practice of mediation, of selection and contextualization, a practice, almost, of rea ding.(David Shields, Reality Hunger: A Manifesto. Knopf, 2010)

M1903 Springfield Rifle - World War I

M1903 Springfield Rifle - World War I The M1903 Springfield rifle was the primary rifle used by the United States Army and Marine Corps during the first several decades of the 20th century. Officially designated United States Rifle, Caliber .30-06, Model 1903, it was a bolt-action rifle that utilized a five-round magazine. The M1903 was used by the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I and was retained after the conflict. It was not replaced as the standard American infantry rifle until the introduction of the M1 Garand in 1936. Despite this change, the M1903 was still in use during the early campaigns of World War II. In the years after the war, only the M1903A4 sniper rifle variant remained in the inventory. That last of these were retired during the early years of the Vietnam War. Background Following the Spanish-American War, the U.S. Army began seeking a replacement for its standard Krag-JÃ ¸rgensen rifles. Adopted in 1892, the Krag had shown several weaknesses during the conflict. Among these was a lower muzzle velocity than the Mausers employed by Spanish troops as well as a difficult to load magazine which required the insertion of one round at time. In 1899, attempts were made to improve the Krag with the introduction of a high-velocity cartridge. These proved unsuccessful as the rifles single locking lug on the bolt proved incapable of handling the increased chamber pressure. Development Design Over the next year, engineers at the Springfield Armory began developing designs for a new rifle. Though the U.S. Army had examined the Mauser in the early 1890s prior to selecting the Krag, they returned to the German weapon for inspiration. Later Mauser rifles, including the Mauser 93 used by the Spanish, possessed a magazine fed by a stripper clip and a greater muzzle velocity than its predecessors. Combining elements from the Krag and the Mauser, Springfield produced its first operational prototype in 1901. Soldier with M1903 Springfield. U.S. Army Center for Military History Believing they had achieved their goal, Springfield began tooling its assembly line for the new model. Much to their dismay, the prototype, designated M1901, was declined by the U.S. Army. Over the next two years, the U.S. Army laid out a variety of changes which were incorporated into the M1901s design. In 1903, Springfield presented the new M1903, which was accepted into service. Though the M1903 was a composite consisting of the best elements from several prior weapons, it remained similar enough to the Mauser that the U.S. Government was forced to pay royalties to Mauserwerke. M1903 Springfield Cartridge: .30-03 .30-06 SpringfieldCapacity: 5 round stripper clipMuzzle Velocity: 2,800 ft./sec.Effective Range: 2,500 yds.Weight: approx. 8.7 lbs.Length: 44.9 in.Barrel Length: 24 in.Sights: Leaf rear sight, barleycorn-type front sightAction: Bolt-action Introduction The M1903 was officially adopted on June 19, 1903 under the official designation of United States Rifle, Caliber .30-06, Model 1903. Moving into production, Springfield built 80,000 of the M1903 by 1905, and the new rifle slowly began to replace the Krag. Minor changes were made in the early years, with a new sight added in 1904, and a new knife-style bayonet in 1905. As these alterations were implemented, two major changes were introduced. The first was a shift to pointed, spitzer ammunition in 1906. This led to the introduction of the .30-06 cartridge that would become standard for American rifles. The second change was a shortening of the barrel to 24 inches. World War I During testing, Springfield found that the M1903s design was equally effective with a shorter, cavalry-style barrel. As this weapon was lighter and more easily wielded, it was ordered for the infantry as well. By the time the US entered World War I in April 1917, 843,239 M1903s had been produced at Springfield and the Rock Island Arsenal. Equipping the American Expeditionary Forces, the M1903 proved lethal and efficient against the Germans in France. During the war, the M1903 Mk. I was produced which allowed for the fitting of a Pedersen device. Developed in an effort to increase the M1903s volume of fire during assaults, the Pedersen device allowed the rifle to fire .30 caliber pistol ammunition semi-automatically. World War II After the war, the M1903 remained the standard American infantry rifle until the introduction of the M1 Garand in 1937. Much beloved by American soldiers, many were reluctant to switch to the new rifle. With the entry of the US into World War II in 1941, many units, both in the U.S. Army and Marine Corps, had not completed their transition to the Garand. As a result, several formations deployed for action still carrying the M1903. The rifle saw action in North Africa and Italy, as well as in the early fighting in the Pacific. A GI with the 36th Infantry Division cleans his M1903 Springfield, equipped with sniper scope. Public Domain The weapon was famously used by the U.S. Marines during the Battle of Guadalcanal. Though the M1 replaced the M1903 in most units by 1943, the older rifle continued to be used in specialized roles. Variants of the M1903 saw extended service with the Rangers, Military Police, as well as with Free French forces. The M1903A4 saw extensive use as a sniper rifle during the conflict. M1903s produced during World War II were often made by Remington Arms and the Smith-Corona Typewriter Company. Later Use Though it was reduced to a secondary role, the M1903 continued to be produced during World War II by Remington Arms and Smith-Corona Typewriter. Many of these were designated M1903A3 as Remington requested several design changes to improve performance and simplify the manufacturing process. With the conclusion of World War II, most M1903s were retired from service, with only the M1903A4 sniper rifle being retained. Many of these were replaced during the Korean War, however the U.S. Marine Corps continued to use some until the early days of the Vietnam War.

Perforating Engineer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Perforating Engineer - Research Paper Example They are mainly employed at oil and mine fields, both offshore and on land (Pts-technology.com). Most perforations job need one to have a degree in either engineering (either petroleum, mechanical, chemical or industrial field), Geology, Physics, Geophysics or Mathematics. Experience from previous jobs that are related to perforation is also a must for a person. Other employers may require specialized training in the perforating process. The specific training includes breakout and completion as an Associate Perforating Specialist (in the USA) or an equivalent industry skill from the relevant country (Jobs.halliburton.com). The engineer must also be registered and certified by the relevant government compliance boards. Basic requirements for a perforating engineer are DOT regulations, explosives safety, basic electricity understanding, federal explosive regulation, crane operations, pressure control operations, wire line performance and maintenance and warrior logging systems operations. Other includes pump-down operations and pressure control operations (Express Energy, 2). Physical and personal attributes are also crucial for the job. Such attributes include the ability to respond to emergencies immediately during emergency situations, ability to perform under pressure and ability to adapt to different climatic and weather conditions; this is because the job involves lots of travelling and a person may have to work under different conditions from what he/ she is used to. Others include readiness to work under various conditions, ability to involve implementation of safety, environmental and health procedures at a site and flexibility. There is a potential of fumes and dangerous chemical inhalation when not proper steps are not taken in the field. There is also a risk of explosives, ionizing radiation and high pressure well-bore environment. Adminapos.com,. Terbaru: Lowongan Wireline Logging Perforating Engineer Januari 2014. N.p., 2014. Web. 23

IMMIGRATION AND ASYLUM LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

IMMIGRATION AND ASYLUM LAW - Essay Example The ECHR decided in the case of Soering v. United Kingdom, 161 Eur. Ct. H.R. (1989) that this provision meant that individuals cannot be extradited if they are threatened with torture or inhuman or degrading treatment in the requesting country. In this case, Jens Soring fought extradition from Europe to the United States because he would face capital charges in the United States, and Article 3 of the ECHR forbids extradition for this reason. While the European Court of Human Rights decided that transferring a person who would face the death penalty would not violate the Article 3 of the ECHR, if a prisoner or a person would be transferred to a country where he or she faced torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, then this would violate Article 3 of the ECHR (Collyer, 2005). Lilich (1991) states that this judgment was significant because extraditing states must consider the ill-treatment of other states when considering whether to send an individual to that third stat e. The ill-treatment may be beyond the control of the state, and the state may give no assurances that the person would not be subjected to ill-treatment. This decision, according to Lilich (1991) also obligates signatory states to not extradite to other states that would subject the person to ill treatment, and even non-signatory states would not be able to do so. Directly after this case was decided, the ECHR decided several other cases. One such case was Cruz Varas et al. v. Sweden, 46/1990/237/307. In this case, Hector Cruz fled from Chile to Sweden to seek asylum, which was rejected. The court there stated that Mr. Cruz’ extradition did not violate Article 3, in part because the situation in Chile was improving. Another case was Vilvarajah et al. v. United Kingdom, 46/1990/237/307 ,  Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights,  20 March 1991. In this case the petitioner was attempting to ensure that he did not have to return to Sri Lanka. The court in that cas e found that there was only a possibility of ill treatment, therefore there was not a breach of Article 3. In Vivayanathan & Pusparajah v. France, 75/1991/327/399-400 ,  Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights,  26 June 1992, the court decided that there was not yet an expulsion order for the petitioners, who were trying to fight being expelled from France into Sri Lanka. Therefore, they could not decide upon the erits of the case. Tomasi v. France (Series A, No. 241-A, Application No. 12580/87), European Court of Human Rights (1993), found for the applicant, who was abused in custody. Allweldt (1993), states that the prohibition on expulsion of individuals to countries hinges on whether or not there is a real risk that the person would be subject to torture or inhuman or degrading treatment. Allweldt (1993) states that the risk that the person faces does not have to be a high probability, just that it exists. There also must be a substantial grounds for the belief tha t the person would be subjected to torture or inhuman treatment in the receiving country. Addo & Grief (1998), states that Article 3 is brief because it sets out normative standards, and that each country is free to adopt these normative standard

How Reading As A Young Child Encouraged Essay Example for Free

How Reading As A Young Child Encouraged Essay When I was a young boy, while my other friends were busy playing ball, riding bicycles, playing games and doing other forms of leisure, I was always listening to my mother as she read comic books to my ears. My mother would always read the interesting comic books to my attentive ears; I would sit with my mother on the sofa as she read the comic books to my ears. I grew up from listening to my mother to reading the comic books on my own. My mother always bought me several books to read every week, as soon as I finished reading one book there was always another book to be read. I developed interest in several comic books, ranging from Iron Man, Spiderman and the likes. I inculcated the habit of reading right from a very tender age. My early reading habit really helped me in life as I developed an undying love for reading and improved greatly on my writing. While growing, I developed from reading comic books to reading more voluminous books, newspaper articles, magazines, novels etc. Books were packed in the shelves of our house. My friends always called our house a library. Reading was always the only option to kill boredom. My flare for reading encouraged me to get involved in writing as I discovered that the more I read the better I wrote. I could relate what I read in several books and combine them into writing something better. My reading habit really boosted my diction and I learnt new words each day I picked up a book to read. I learnt the rules of language, my grammar was greatly improved. Over the years I garnered a lot of experience from reading both fictional and true life stories. I applied some of the knowledge acquired from reading these books to various aspects of my life. Reading lots of books gave me a hint on the ways writers wrote, the style of language used and how best to communicate to a particular audience. I am a testimony of the quote that says that â€Å"A good reader is a good writer†. The more I read, the more I improved on my reading speed and grasped new ideas on how to write. Reading frequently made me a better reader and a good writer. I developed from reading for fun to reading for the acquisition of knowledge. Books like; the Richest man in Babylon, Thinking Big, the tale of two cities and many others were already in the long list of books that I have read . My whole life was affected positively by my reading habit as I read several motivational books that have been spurring me to achieve greatness in life. Through writing I could now transfer my thoughts and imaginations into a book or piece of article. The knowledge that I have acquired over time is what has made me the better person I am today. As I now read more, write better, have better grammar and have become a better man. The saying that you are what you read and you are an expression of what you write is definitely true as I have noticed tremendous changes in my life as a result of the past books I have read. I will have to thank my mother for imbibing the culture of reading in me; if not for her I would not have been a good writer and would definitely not be what I have been fashioned out to be today.

Down Syndrome: An Informative Essay -- Birth Defect Health

Down Syndrome: An Informative Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Down Syndrome is the name for babies born with a disorder related to their chromosomes. It is caused when meiosis occurs and an error occurs in the cells development. The reason for this defect is often because the parent is over 40 or for some other reason their meiosis is not "Up to par."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The actual defect is an extra chromosome is developed during cell development. The abnormal development results in 47 chromosomes rather than the usual 46 (23 from each parent). This extra gene causes problems in the child's physical and mental development. There are an estimated 5000 babies with Down Syndrome born in America every single year. While the chances of having a Down Syndrome baby are slim, (1 in 1000) it is still an issue that...

Beer and Company Essay

The South African Breweries Limited is a holding company invested in and taking management responsibility for a portfolio of businesses, principally engaged in meeting mass market consumer needs. Beer is the major profit contributor, but an important balance is provided by interests in complementary beverages, retailing, hotels, and the manufacture and supply of selected consumer goods and services, together with strategic investments in businesses which support the mainstream interests. Company History: The South African Breweries Limited (SAB) is a holding company whose principal line of business is brewing. The company holds an impressive 98 percent share of the beer market in its home country of South Africa, where it sells 14 brands of beer, including local lagers Castle and Lion as well as foreign brands brewed under license–Heineken, Guinness, Amstel, and Carling Black Label. Aggressive overseas expansion following the end of apartheid, however, has also given SAB ownership of, or stakes in, more than 25 breweries in the emerging markets of central Europe, China, and sub-Saharan Africa. Overall, in terms of volume, South African Breweries is the world’s fourth largest brewer. SAB also has a variety of nonbrewing operations, such as carbonated and natural fruit drinks and other beverages, retailing, hotels and gaming, and manufacturing of safety matches and glass. The company has been divesting many of these noncore assets in the late 1990s. SAB’s history is in many ways the history of the South African brewing industry, most notably through the government-ordered merger of the largest breweries in 1956. The company’s history was also greatly influenced by the apartheid system and its effect on the domestic economy, on domestic firms, and on foreign investment in South Africa. Early History The discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand (a region encompassing Johannesburg) in 1875 brought large numbers of prospectors to South Africa. Small outposts for white settlers were transformed into busy cities with new industries. Several brewmasters, most with little experience, began to produce a variety of beers which immediately gained popularity with the settlers. In 1889 a British sailor named Frederick Mead left his ship in Durban and took a job working in the canteen of a local army garrison at Fort Napier. While there, Mead, who was only 20, became acquainted with a businessman in Pietermaritzburg named George Raw. Neither of them knew anything about brewing, but they persuaded the local residents to help establish the Natal Brewery Syndicate. After purchasing a factory site, Frederick Mead returned to England to procure machinery and raise capital. In need of brewing expertise, Mead approached W. H. Hackblock, head of Morgan’s Brewery in Norwich. The two men became friends and Hackblock agreed to serve as chairman of Mead’s company, which was registered in 1890 as the Natal Brewery Syndicate (South East Africa) Limited. The company brewed its first beer in July 1891. Mead remained interested in establishing a brewery in the rapidly growing Witwatersrand. In 1892 he purchased the Castle Brewery in Johannesburg from its proprietor Charles Glass. The expansion of this facility, however, was beyond the means of the Natal Brewery Syndicate, and Mead returned to England to attract new investors. In the final arrangement, Mead formed another larger company based in London called The South African United Breweries. This company took over the operations of both the Natal Brewery Syndicate and the Castle Brewery. After construction of the new Castle Brewery, South African United Breweries made additional share offerings which were purchased by South Africa’s largest investment houses. Subsequent growth precipitated a restructuring of the company and reincorporation in London on May 15, 1895, as The South African Breweries Limited. In 1896 South African Breweries purchased its first boarding houses. That same year, Frederick Mead moved to England for health reasons but continued to occupy a seat on the board of directors and frequently returned to South Africa. From London, Mead directed the purchase of machinery for brewing lager beer from the Pfaudler Vacuum Company in the United States. Patent restrictions and mechanical difficulties delayed production of Castle lager until 1898. The beer gained such widespread popularity that competing breweries rushed to introduce their own lagers. South African Breweries, or SAB, was listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1895 and two years later became the first industrial company to be listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. Through these listings SAB had greater access to additional investor capital. On October 11, 1899, a war broke out between British colonial forces and Dutch and Huguenot settlers known as Boers. The war drove residents of Johannesburg out of the city and forced the Castle Brewery to close for almost a year. When British troops recovered the area, the brewery had sustained little or no damage. British authorities regarded the plant as an essential industry, and encouraged the company to resume production in August 1900. Disrupted supply lines caused shortages of yeast and other raw materials, but within a year production had returned to full capacity. The Boer War ended in 1902 but was followed by a severe economic depression. The brewing industry was not as adversely affected as others, however, and SAB was able to continue its expansion across southern Africa. The company acquired the Durban Breweries and Distillers company, and established a new plant at Bloemfontein. SAB purchased Morgan’s Brewery in Port Elizabeth in 1906 and, five years later, acquired another brewery in Salisbury, Rhodesia (now Harare, Zimbabwe). At its northernmost point, SAB established a brewery at Ndola, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). W. H. Hackblock died in 1907 and was succeeded as chairman by Sydney Chambers. In 1912 Chambers led the company into an innovative arrangement with its competitor, Ohlsson’s Brewery, to cultivate hops jointly at a site near the city of George, midway between Port Elizabeth and Cape Town. A joint subsidiary called Union Hop Growers spent many years developing new hybrids, which delayed the first commercial use of South African-grown hops until 1920. Diversified into Bottles, Lodging, and Mineral Water in Early 20th Century After Frederick Mead died in August 1915, John Stroyan, who succeeded Sydney Chambers a few months earlier, became the most important figure in SAB management. Stroyan faced a serious challenge the following year when hostilities during World War I interrupted the supply of bottles to South Africa. SAB decided to establish its own bottle-making plants in 1917. Actual production, however, did not begin until 1919, the year the war ended. Another economic depression beset South Africa after World War I, but steady growth in the demand for beer reduced many of the detrimental effects of the depression. SAB was financially strong enough in 1921 to purchase the Grand Hotel in Cape Town, an important addition to the company’s lodging business. SAB gained an interest in the mineral water business in 1925, when it purchased a substantial interest in the Schweppes Company. The Great Depression of the early 1930s had little effect on the South African brewing industry; SAB continued to expand its operations and improve its facilities. The company’s biggest problems were shortages of labor and capital. The Spanish Civil War and rising political tensions in Europe during the mid- and late 1930s caused a disruption in the supply of cork to South Africa. Faced with a severe shortage of cork seals for its beer, SAB developed a method of recycling old cork until a new supplier of cork could be found. Castle Beer accompanied South African soldiers to the East African and Mediterranean theaters of World War II, but apart from its involvement in Europe, South Africa was relatively unaffected by World War II. When hostilities ended in 1945, SAB turned its attention to further modernization and expansion. Arthur Griffith-Boscawen, who had succeeded John Stroyan as chairman in 1940, died in 1946, and was replaced by John Stroyan’s son, Captain John R. A. Stroyan. Under the leadership of the younger Stroyan, SAB concentrated on the establishment of a South African barley industry as an extension of the joint agricultural project it operated with Ohlsson’s. Takeover of Ohlsson’s and United Breweries in 1956 South African Breweries entered a new stage of its development in 1950. That year, in the midst of a large corporate modernization program, SAB decided to move its head office from London to Johannesburg. In 1951 the company acquired the Hotel Victoria in Johannesburg, and a second brewery in Salisbury. Captain Stroyan retired the following year and returned to England. His successor, a talented barrister named J. K. Cockburn Millar, died after only four months in office, and was replaced by a solicitor, S. J. Constance. After producing nothing but beer for more than 60 years, SAB began to introduce a range of liquor products. The incentive to diversify was provided by increased taxes on beer. Consumption of beer in South Africa fell for the first time on record and showed every indication of further decline. Officials of the three largest brewing companies in South Africa, SAB, Ohlsson’s Cape Breweries, and United Breweries, met on several occasions in London and Johannesburg to discuss the viability of competition under deteriorating market conditions. In 1956 these officials decided that the three companies should merge their operations into one large brewing concern. SAB acquired all the shares of Ohlsson’s and United Breweries, thus retaining the South African Breweries name. B. C. Smither of Ohlsson’s and M. W. J. Bull of United Breweries joined the SAB board of directors. Although the new company controlled 90 percent of the market for beer in South Africa, antiquated production facilities narrowed profit margins. In response, company activities were centralized in the Transvaal and the Western Province, areas where the three companies had previously competed. In addition, the old Castle Brewery in Johannesburg was closed in 1958. After succeeding Constance as chairman in 1959, M. W. J. Bull initiated a further diversification into wines and spirits. In 1960 SAB acquired the Stellenbosch Farmers Winery and later added Monis Wineries. Bull retired at the end of 1964 and was replaced by Dr. Frans J. C. Cronje, an economist and lawyer with substantial experience in government. The company encountered a severe financial crisis in 1966 when Whitbread and Heineken entered the South African beer market. The most damaging market developments, however, came from government quarters as successive increases in excise duties made beer the most heavily taxed beverage per serving. Consumers began to abandon beer for wine and sorghum beer. SAB was able to reduce the effect of this crisis by increased sales of products from the Stellenbosch winery. South African Breweries CEO Ted Sceales was instrumental in the creation of a new subsidiary called Barsab Investment Trust, jointly held by SAB and Thomas Barlow & Sons Ltd. (later Barlow Rand), the rapidly expanding mining services group. Barsab permitted SAB and Barlow to invest in each other and pool their managerial and administrative resources. It also provided SAB with the resources needed to adapt to rapidly changing market conditions. Sceales died following an auto accident in 1967, but the success of Barsab continued under the new chief executive, Dick Goss. South African Breweries first attempted to move its legal domicile from Britain to South Africa in 1950, but was prevented from doing so by complex tax obligations to the British government. Consequently, SAB, which still derived about one-third of its income from investments in Rhodesia and Zambia, was bound to observe the British trade embargo against Rhodesia in 1967. Reincorporated in South Africa in 1970 Parliamentary motions to permit the reincorporation of SAB in South Africa were initiated in 1968. These motions, however, did not gain approval until March 17, 1970. On May 26, 1970, after 75 years as an English company, SAB became a de jure South African company. During the late 1960s SAB began brewing a number of new beers–some under license from foreign brewers–including Guinness, Amstel, Carling Black Label, and Rogue. The company also acquired the Old Dutch and Stag brands, as well as Whitbread in South Africa. While sales of wine and spirits continued to rise, SAB sold a number of its liquor-oriented hotels, and reorganized those that remained under a new subsidiary called the Southern Sun Hotel Corporation. Southern Sun, which operated 50 hotels in South Africa, was formed by the merger in 1969 of the existing SAB hotel interests with those of the Sol Kerzner family. The South African government barred SAB from further investment in the liquor industry and limited its ability to invest overseas. The company then made several attempts to diversify its operations. In 1972 SAB and Barlow Rand decided to alter their collaboration and dissolve Barsab. As a result, two former Barsab holdings, the Shoe Corporation, and Afcol, South Africa’s largest furniture manufacturer, came under SAB control. The following year, SAB acquired OK Bazaars, a large discount department store chain. Certain other investments were disposed of, however, including ventures in banking and food products. Several brewing interests attempted to challenge SAB’s dominant position in the South African market. Various German interests set up breweries in Botswana and Swaziland in a failed attempt to gain a foothold in South Africa. Louis Luyt, a South African entrepreneur, also failed, and sold his breweries to the Rembrandt Group in 1973. The Luyt breweries, which formed the core of Rembrandt’s alcoholic beverage group, were later incorporated as the Intercontinental Breweries. Determined to succeed, Rembrandt’s chairman, Dr. Anton Rupert, committed his company to a scheme of competition based on control of liquor retail outlets. In 1978 Rembrandt acquired a 49 percent share of Gilbey’s, the third largest liquor group in South Africa. The addition of Gilbey’s 100 retail outlets gave Rembrandt access to a total of 450 stores. South African Breweries responded by acquiring Union Wine, an independent liquor retailer with 24 hotels and over 50 retail outlets. Once again, market conditions were not conducive to competition. The government, therefore, proposed a rationalization program in which SAB would take over Rembrandt’s brewing interests and turn over its wine and spirits operations to an independent subsidiary called Cape Wine and Distillers. The program, executed in November 1979, also called for Rembrandt to turn over its Oude Meester wine and spirits operations to Cape Wines, in which SAB, Rembrandt, and the KWV wine growers cooperative each owned a 30 percent interest. The remaining 10 percent interest was sold to private investors. Government Restrictions Led to More Diversification in the 1980s and Early 1990s By the early 1980s the South African government’s system of racial separation (apartheid) and deteriorating social conditions for blacks had become international issues. Many business leaders openly called for change, but the government still prevented companies such as SAB from transferring capital out of South Africa through foreign investments. Often these companies had little choice but to reinvest their surplus capital in South African ventures, which in turn gave them a more crucial interest in the resolution of social and human rights problems within South Africa. Many foreign-owned companies, which faced fewer restrictions on divestment, sold their South African subsidiaries and closed their offices in South Africa. This trend made acquisitions by South African companies easier. SAB took over control of the ABI soft drink concern from Coca-Cola, and later added several clothing retailers, including Scotts Stores (acquired in 1981) and the Edgars chain (added in 1982). A government order in 1979 for SAB to sell its Solly Kramer retail liquor stores was completed in 1986, five years before its deadline. Also in 1986 SAB established a joint venture with Ceres Fruit Juices to sell leading noncarbonated juice brands Ceres, Liquifruit, and Fruitee. In 1987 Murray B. Hofmeyer succeeded Cronje as chairman. Hofmeyer and his successor, Meyer Kahn, continued to diversify through acquisition, adding Lion Match Company, the leading manufacturer of safety matches in Africa, in 1987; Da Gama Textiles Company, a leading South African textile manufacturer, in 1989; and the Plate Glass Group, a manufacturer of glass and board products, in 1992. End of Apartheid Fueled Major Changes in the 1990s The dismantling of apartheid finally began in 1990, with the unbanning of opposition political parties, including the African National Congress, and the release of political prisoners, including Nelson Mandela. Major political changes rapidly followed. In 1991 the remaining apartheid laws were repealed. In 1992, an all-white referendum approved a new constitution that would lead to eventual free elections. Finally, in 1994, the first nationwide free elections were held and were won by the ANC, with Mandela elected president. SAB&mdashting largely out of self-interest since 85 percent of the beer in South Africa was purchased by blacks–was well out in front of the political changes as it had begun to hire blacks in the early 1980s. By 1985 28 percent of salaried employees were black, a figure that rose to 48 percent by 1994. Nevertheless, the threat of a government-forced breakup of SAB’s beer monopoly hung over the company following the end of apartheid. Partly in response to this threat, and partly in response to the loosening of laws regarding foreign investment, the Kahn-led South African Breweries aggressively expanded outside its home country starting in 1993. That year, SAB spent US$50 million for an 80 percent stake in Hungary’s largest brewer, Dreher Breweries, the first of a series of moves into the emerging markets of central Europe. In 1996 the company gained joint control of two of the largest breweries in Poland, Lech Brewery and Tyskie Brewery, as well as three breweries in Romania and one in Slovakia. In 1994 SAB created a joint venture with Hong Kong-based China Resources Enterprise Limited; by early 1998 this joint venture had gained majority control of five breweries in China. A third area of foreign growth for SAB was in sub-Saharan Africa, where management control was gained of breweries in Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho, Zambia, Tanzania, Mozambique, Ghana, Kenya, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, and Uganda during this period. In August 1997 Kahn was appointed chief executive of the South African police service, becoming the first civilian to hold the post. The outspoken Kahn, who had been vocal in calling for the rapid liberalization of the economy and for a restoration of law and order, was made responsible for cracking down on a national crime epidemic. Taking over as acting chairman of SAB was Cyril Ramaphosa, South Africa’s most prominent black capitalist and a former militant trade unionist. By this time, South African Breweries was the world’s fourth largest brewer and had a rapidly expanding international brewing empire. The company was now free to unload its noncore businesses in order to concentrate more closely on brewing and its other beverage operations. Under Ramaphosa, it did just that. In late 1997 and early 1998 SAB divested its holdings in OK Bazaars, Afcol, and Da Gama Textiles, and announced that Lion Match and Conshu Holdings, a footwear maker, were also likely to be jettisoned. These divestments were not proceeding quickly enough for some observers, but SAB had already managed to strengthen its overall position in the face of the continued threat of the breakup of its domestic beer monopoly. Selling off noncore assets was freeing up capital for additional investment in foreign breweries, which would further mitigate the impact of any government intervention. Principal Subsidiaries: Southern Associated Maltsters (Pty. ) Ltd. ; SAB Hop Farms (Pty. ) Ltd. ; SAB International Holdings Inc. ; SAB International (Africa) B. V. (Netherlands); Botswana Breweries (Pty. ) Ltd. (40%); Kgalagadi Breweries (Pty. ) Ltd. (Botswana; 40%); Swaziland Brewers (Pty. ) Ltd. (60%); Lesotho Brewing Company (Pty. ) Ltd. (39%); Tanzania Breweries Ltd. (46%); Cervejas de Mozambique Limitada (65%); Zambian Breweries Plc (45%); Nile Breweries Limited (Uganda; 40%); SAB International (Europe) B. V. (Netherlands); Dreher Breweries (Hungary; 85%); Lech Browary Wielkopolski S. A. (Poland; 32%); SC Vulturul S. A. (Romania; 70%); Compania Cervecera de Canarias S. A. (Spain; 51%); SC Pitber S. A. (Romania; 81%); SC Ursus S. A. (Romania; 73%); Browary Tyskie Gorny Slask S. A. (Poland; 45%); SAB International (Asia) B. V. (Netherlands); China Resources Enterprise Beverages Ltd. (49%); China Resources Shenyang; Snowflake Beer Co. Ltd. (China; 44%); China Resources Dalian Brewery Co. Ltd. (49%); Shenzhen C’est Bon Food and Drink Co. Ltd. (China; 33%); China Resources (Jilin) Brewery Co. Ltd. (90%); Delta Corporation Ltd. (Zimbabwe; 23%); Seychelles Breweries Ltd. (20%); Accra Breweries Limited (Ghana; 50. 5%); Amalgamated Beverage Industries Ltd. (68%); Coca-Cola Canners (Pty. ) Ltd. (24%); Can Vendors (Pty. ) Ltd. ; Appletiser South Africa (Pty. ) Ltd. ; Appletiser Pure Fruit Juices (Pty. ) Ltd. ; Ceres Fruit Juices (Pty. ) Ltd. (35%); Valaqua (Pty. ) Ltd. ; Associated Fruit Processors (Pty. ) Ltd. (50%); Traditional Beer Investments (Pty.) Ltd. ; Distillers Corporation (SA) Ltd. (30%); Stellenbosch Farmers’ Winery Group Ltd. (30%); Edgars Stores Ltd. (65%); Amalgamated Retail Ltd. (â€Å"Amrel†) (68%); Southern Sun Holdings Ltd. ; Plate Glass and Shatterprufe Industries Ltd. (68%); Da Gama Textile Company Ltd. (61%); The Lion Match Company Ltd. (71%); Conshu Holdings Ltd. (67%) International Expansion in the Post-Apartheid Era The dismantling of apartheid finally began in 1990, with the unbanning of opposition political parties, including the African National Congress (ANC), and the release of political prisoners, including Nelson Mandela. Major political changes rapidly followed. In 1991 the remaining apartheid laws were repealed. In 1992, an all-white referendum approved a new constitution that would lead to eventual free elections. Finally, in 1994, the first nationwide free elections were held and were won by the ANC, with Mandela elected president. SAB–acting largely out of self-interest given that 85 percent of the beer in South Africa was purchased by blacks–was well out in front of the political changes as it had begun to hire blacks in the early 1980s. By 1985, 28 percent of salaried employees were black, a figure that rose to 48 percent by 1994. Nevertheless, the threat of a government-forced breakup of SAB’s beer monopoly hung over the company following the end of apartheid. Partly in response to this threat, and partly in response to the loosening of laws regarding foreign investment, the Kahn-led South African Breweries aggressively expanded outside its home country starting in 1993. That year, SAB spent $50 million for an 80 percent stake in Hungary’s largest brewer, Dreher Breweries, the first of a series of moves into the emerging markets of central Europe. From 1995 to 1997 the company gained joint control of two of the largest breweries in Poland, Lech Brewery and Tyskie Brewery, as well as three breweries in Romania and one in Slovakia. In 1994 SAB created a joint venture with Hong Kong-based China Resources Enterprise Limited; by early 1998 this joint venture had gained majority control of five breweries in China. A third area of foreign growth for SAB was in sub-Saharan Africa, where management control was gained of breweries in Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho, Zambia, Tanzania, Mozambique, Ghana, Kenya, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, and Uganda during this period. In August 1997 Kahn was appointed chief executive of the South African police service, becoming the first civilian to hold the post. The outspoken Kahn, who had been vocal in calling for the rapid liberalization of the economy and for a restoration of law and order, was made responsible for cracking down on a national crime epidemic. Taking over as acting chairman of SAB was Cyril Ramaphosa, South Africa’s most prominent black capitalist and a former militant trade unionist. By this time, South African Breweries was the world’s fourth largest brewer and had a rapidly expanding international brewing empire. The company was now free to unload its noncore businesses in order to concentrate more closely on brewing and its other beverage operations. Under Ramaphosa, it did just that. From late 1997 through early 1999 SAB divested its holdings in OK Bazaars, Afcol, Da Gama Textiles, Edgars, Lion Match, and Conshu Holdings, a footwear maker. With the mid-1999 sale of Plate Glass, SAB had trimmed its holdings down to beer, soft drinks, wine and liquor, and hotels and gaming. The year 1999 was a pivotal year in SAB’s history for a host of other reasons as well. Seeking access to capital markets better endowed that those at home, the company in early 1999 shifted its headquarters back to London–reincorporating itself as South African Breweries plc–and moved its primary stock exchange listing from Johannesburg to London, retaining the former as a secondary listing. As part of its London listing, it raised ? 300 million to fund further international expansion. There were also changes on the management front. Kahn returned to the chairmanship, his two-and-a-half-year stint at the police service complete; Ramaphosa remained on the board as a director. In addition, Graham Mackey, who had served as group managing director since 1997, was named chief executive in early 1999. On the international front, SAB acquired a stake in a sixth Chinese brewery in 1999 and began producing beer in Russia at Kaluga Brewing Company, which had been acquired the previous year. SAB’s two Polish breweries, Lech and Tyskie, were merged to form Kompania Piwowarska S. A. The most important brewery transaction that year, however, occurred in October, when SAB acquired from Nomura International plc for $321 million a controlling interest in Pilsner Urquell and Radegast, two brewers in the Czech Republic that combined comprised the leader (with a 44 percent market share) in a nation whose citizens consumed more beer per capita than anyone else in the world. The crown jewel of this deal was the Pilsner Urquell brand, the most famous Czech beer and the original pilsner, first produced at a brewery in Pilsen in 1842. SAB began laying plans to make Pilsner Urquell the company’s flagship brand outside of Africa and to seek entree into developed markets through the export of this brand. Via this acquisition, South African Breweries became the leader of the central European beer market and jumped into third place among global brewing titans. Moving into the Developed World As SABMiller, Early 2000s SAB’s drive into emerging markets continued in the early 2000s. South African Breweries entered the Indian beer market for the first time in 2000, taking a majority stake in Narang Breweries. Control of two more Indian brewers, Mysore Breweries and Rochees Breweries, was purchased the following year. In April 2001 SAB and the Castel group, the two largest beverage companies on the African continent, entered into a strategic alliance whereby SAB exchanged a 38 percent interest in its African division (excluding South Africa) for a 20 percent stake in Castel’s beer business. SAB thus gained a share of a wider array of African breweries, and the two partners also agreed to seek investments in new African markets via 50-50 joint ventures. Also in 2001 SAB entered into a new joint venture in China with the Sichuan Blue Sword Breweries Group, which owned ten breweries in Sichuan province. SAB now had interests in more than two dozen Chinese breweries and had positioned itself as that nation’s number two brewer, trailing only Tsingtao. Yet another development in 2001 was that South African Breweries became the first international brewer to enter the Central American market. In November the company acquired a 97 percent stake in Cerveceria Hondurena, S.A. , the sole brewer and the largest bottler of soft drinks (Coca-Cola) in Honduras, from the Dole Food Company Inc. for $537 million. Simultaneously, SAB and the prominent Meza family of El Salvador created a joint venture called BevCo Ltd. to which SAB contributed its new Honduran holding and the Meza family contributed the bulk of its brewing, soft drink, and bottled water businesses in El Salvador. By fiscal 2002, just eight years after its first brewing acquisition outside of Africa, 55 percent of SAB’s $4. 36 billion in revenues were derived from its non-South African operations. This figure would shoot up to an even more remarkable 75 percent just one year later following the company’s boldest move yet–its takeover of Miller Brewing Company, the number two beer maker in the world’s largest beer market, the United States, whose main brands included Miller Genuine Draft, Miller High Life, Miller Lite, and Milwaukee’s Best. Consummated in July 2002, the deal consisted of a stock swap with Miller’s owner, Philip Morris Companies Inc., that was valued at $3. 48 billion. SAB additionally absorbed $2 billion in Miller debt. Upon completion of the acquisition, SAB changed its name to SABMiller plc and was now the world’s number two brewer, behind only Anheuser-Busch. Philip Morris (which changed its name to Altria Group, Inc. in 2003) became the biggest SABMiller shareholder with a 36 percent economic interest and 25 percent of the voting rights (the total at which it was capped) and also gained three seats on the SABMiller board. Miller had recorded 2001 revenues of $4. 24 billion but had for some time been losing market share to the number one and number three U. S. players, Anheuser-Busch and Adolph Coors Company, respectively. SABMiller took immediate action to try to reverse Miller’s fortunes, announcing that one of Miller’s nine U. S. breweries would be closed, and bringing in a new CEO for Miller, Norman Adami, who had headed up the South African brewery operations of SABMiller. In March 2003, in a further pullback from noncore operations, SABMiller moved its entire hotel and gaming interests into a new company called Tsogo Sun Holdings (Pty.) Ltd. , which was to be majority controlled by black empowerment company Tsogo Investments. SABMiller held an initial 49 percent interest in the new company but said that it intended to continue to reduce its hospitality holdings. Despite having just completed the Miller acquisition, the company did not shy away from making additional purchases and deals. Early in 2003 Browar Dojlidy, a brewer in northeastern Poland, was acquired for $38 million. In June SABMiller made its first major investment in Western Europe, buying a 60 percent stake in Birra Peroni S.p. A. , the number two brewing company in Italy, for EUR 246 million ($279 million). Later in 2003 Peroni ended its licensed brewing and selling of the Budweiser brand in Italy and instead started import sales of Miller Genuine Draft. Similar synergies between SABMiller’s increasingly global operations were being implemented, such as the launch of Pilsner Urquell and Miller Genuine Draft in South Africa in early 2003 and the introduction of Miller Genuine Draft into several more European countries, including Russia, Romania, the Czech Republic, and Poland. Over in Asia, SABMiller consolidated its operations in India under Mysore Breweries; the operations of Mysore were then consolidated with the brewing operations of Shaw Wallace and Company Limited, the second largest brewing group in India, to form a joint venture called Shaw Wallace Breweries Limited, 50 percent owned by Mysore. This deal cost SABMiller $132. 8 million. The firm spent an additional HK$675 million ($87 million) for a 29. 6 percent stake in Harbin Group Limited, China’s fourth largest brewer and the leader in that country’s northeastern region. The SABMiller of the early 21st century, a globally active company with a sharp focus on beverages–mainly beer–was a far different company from the apartheid-era SAB, which was centered largely in South Africa where it had diversified interests. SABM.